南方周末：三十五年前华人精英的保钓梦

http://www.sina.com.cn 2005年08月04日10:41 南方周末

　　一次不为人知的华人精英运动

　　陈省身、杨振宁、丘成桐、何炳棣、田长霖、吴家玮、林孝信……这些名字几乎无一例外地拥有着教授、院士、科学家、实业家、作家等耀眼的头衔，可谓是当之无愧的华人精英。
　　但很少有人知道，35年前，他们曾经共同参与了一次保卫钓鱼岛的运动，并被这场运动所改变
□本报记者 朱红军

　　7月13日，何炳棣近乎嘶哑的声音通过越洋电话传来——“不会忘记，怎么会忘记？”因为听力渐失，他的声音如同呐喊。

　　88岁的何炳棣是当今史学界的泰斗，美国亚洲研究学会迄今惟一的华裔会长。在这个7月的美国南加州寓所里，他常常为思绪回到35年前的“保钓”运动而彻夜不眠。

　　7月的中国媒体，纷纷在转载一条消息：7月5日，一份公开谴责李登辉关于“钓鱼岛属于日本”媚日言论的声明，由200多名“老保钓人士”联合签名，其中以杨振宁先生为代表。

　　经记者查证，这条“新闻”原来是2002年的一条旧闻。之所以在今年突然又浮出水面，也许与中日关系目前的形势有关。

　　不过，声明中对于“老保钓”的提及，却让一场发生于35年前的海外“保钓”运动重入公众视野。

　　一次精英知识分子的政治运动给参与者们留下了什么？在35年过去后，他们的命运有几多变迁？《南方周末》记者用一个多月的时间，在美国、在香港、在台湾、在北京，追寻那段不同寻常的岁月。

　　而几天后的8月9日来自台湾、香港、美国和北京的30余位老“保钓”将齐聚西藏拉萨包括林孝信、刘虚心、林盛中、张信刚等人除了叙旧之外他们还将对两岸关系及中国统一的问题进行讨论。

　　激情燃烧的岁月

　　这是一段参与者们极为珍视的历史。

　　在香港，著名的华裔数学家丘成桐，不顾刚从美国长途而来的劳累，在演讲的间隙，为本报记者腾出了近一小时的采访时间，他说，找不到拒绝的理由。丘成桐是数学界诺贝尔奖——菲尔兹奖惟一的华裔获奖者，这是近30年来他对国内媒体首度公开自己的那段历程。

　　香港城市大学校长张信刚，远在新疆出差时就敲定了一周后的采访日程，他的秘书对本报记者说，“从来没见校长对一个采访如此重视！”

　　中国工程院院士李椿萱，至今珍藏着一叠名为《水牛》的“保钓”运动杂志，留学归国的20余年里，他几易居所，但杂志一直保留。

　　而他们追忆的那段历史，都要从一本名为《钓鱼岛须知》的小册子开始。

　　1970年底，来自普林斯顿大学的这本小册子传到了伯克利的校园，加州大学伯克利分校一直以来都是美国自由传统相对盛行的校园，且港台留学生相对较多，这里后来成为“保钓”运动最活跃的地方。这本小册子重点提到了钓鱼岛问题背后隐藏的日本对于石油和天然气资源的争夺，并且从地理、历史、海洋法等方面阐释钓鱼岛主权隶属于中国的事实。

　　之前一年，美日联合公报决定：将琉球于1972年5月15日“归还”日本，其中包含了历来属于台湾的钓鱼岛。

　　几乎与《钓鱼岛须知》四处传播的同时，1970年底，又出现了“冲绳县警察局将钓鱼岛上青天白日旗拔下撕毁，并将台湾渔船驱逐”的事件。

　　这深深刺激着在美中国留学生的家国观念和民族底线。1970年12月19日，普林斯顿大学沈平、李德怡等人拍案而起率先组成了“保卫钓鱼岛行动委员会”(以下称“保钓”会)，强调以行动“警告日本”、“抗议美国”、“呼醒国人 ”。

　　当时没有网络，甚至电话也不普遍，《钓鱼岛须知》小册子依靠林孝信和他创办的《科学月刊》网络得以迅速传播。当时的林孝信在芝加哥大学读物理专业博士。在他的努力下，1970年，凡有50个留学生的地方，就有《科学月刊》的联络员。

　　以不可想象的传播速度，短短两个月间，至1971年初，“保钓行动委员会”几乎遍及全美各地近60所高校。

　　现任香港城市大学校长的张信刚彼时正在布法罗纽约州立大学做助理教授，“偏居一隅”，在一次偶然的会谈中获悉 “保钓”运动的信息。第二天，学校里已经贴出了保卫钓鱼岛的海报，几天后“布法罗纽约州立大学‘保钓’委员会”已经成立。

　　那一年，加州伯克利分校的丘成桐才22岁，在恩师陈省身的指导下，博士论文接近完成，后来奠定其在数学界地位的卡拉比猜想也才刚刚接触。

　　当时的美国校园正沉浸在反越战运动的持续激情之中。老师陈省身谆谆告诫自己的弟子，一切以学业为重。

　　但当“保钓”运动的浪潮裹胁而来时，年轻的丘成桐并没有遵从师命。当时的运动骨干、作家刘大任依然记得，在筹备酝酿“保钓”游行期间，总有一个沉默寡言的青年，不辞辛劳，逢事必到，搬凳子，发传单。他不曾料到，仅仅十余年后，这位青年居然摘取了菲尔兹奖——数学界的诺贝尔奖。34年后丘成桐先生坦陈这段经历，对本报记者说，“当时我并不是领袖，却也投入了全部的精力，受益良多。”

　　两次大游行未能奏效

　　1970年前后的美国校园，中国留学生主要来自香港和台湾，大陆因为尚未开放，鲜有留学生赴美，总计人数近万人。

　　当时，港台留学生对于台湾当局普遍持有两种态度：激烈的反对和相对平和的改良，由这两种态度而派生的对于中国大陆的情感，也既有向往，亦有疏离。

　　因为钓鱼岛的归属关系中华民族的荣辱，留美学生中的不同政治立场得以共归爱国主义的大旗之下。

　　1971年1月29日，北加州金山湾区9所高校的500名留学生在伯克利分校的呼吁下，自发集结在旧金山市，掀起了“保钓”游行示威活动。时间定在1月29日，暗合当年的“12·9”爱国学生运动。

　　香港理工大学刘佩琼教授至今记得，当天阳光明媚，她和加州州立大学的同学们天没亮就坐着两辆大巴赶至旧金山。游行队伍从圣玛丽广场出发，沿路经“台北派驻旧金山总领事馆”以及日本领事馆，并向当时的“总领事”周彤华递交了呼吁台湾当局捍卫领土主权的请愿书。

　　丘成桐则对记者说，他在游行中亲眼目睹身边的朋友被不明分子袭击，“眼镜都被打破了”。事后他才知道，几乎在同一天，纽约市、芝加哥、西雅图和洛杉矶均发生了类似的留美学生“保钓”游行。

　　“保钓”的浪潮正以不可遏止的力量激荡着美国校园的每一个角落。

　　但“1·29”游行之后，台湾当局并没有及时作出积极回应，当局在钓鱼岛问题上的暧昧态度和软弱举措，再度催生了更大规模的华盛顿“4·10”大游行。

　　1971年4月10日，华盛顿是属于中国留学生的世界。华府宪法大道与二十三街的广场上，来自全美三十余所高校，17个地区的近4000名留学生、华侨齐聚于此。“保钓”运动达至高潮。

　　张信刚为了参加这场游行，丢下待产的妻子和尚在襁褓中的女儿，连夜开车，从布法罗奔赴华盛顿。更多的留学生从罗德岛，从密歇根，不惜十几个小时的夜车赶至，甚至加拿大“全加中国同学联会”亦风尘仆仆赶到。

　　游行队伍浩浩荡荡，高唱《毕业歌》、《黄河大合唱》。威斯康辛大学学生甚至自创了“钓鱼岛战歌”，留学生满含热泪，振臂呐喊“中国，站起来，起来！”

　　时任约翰·霍普金斯大学教授的钱致榕在日本使馆前登高一呼，慷慨陈辞，以吴三桂引清兵入关的历史典故痛斥拱手交让钓鱼岛为汉奸卖国之行为，场下掌声雷动，34年后，每忆及此，钱教授澎湃依旧。

　　历经半年的激情之后，“保钓”意识虽然在留学生心中扩散，但“保钓”行动却没有造成任何现实上的改变，台湾当局鲜有动作。留学生们越发意识到，钓鱼岛问题的彻底解决必须仰仗于中国的真正强大，而两岸分裂的状况让他们更为深入地关注到中国何去何从的问题上，“保钓”运动开始从最直接的钓鱼岛问题延伸至两岸统一的讨论上。

　　“4·10”游行结束不久，1971年的秋天，博士毕业的丘成桐去了普林斯顿大学工作，他又积极参与了该校的国是讨论会，“每星期一次，我几乎都去，算是比较积极的一位。”他不喜欢发言，总是在一旁倾听，“知道了许多关于新中国、两岸关系的事情”，“两岸统一”成了经常闻及的词汇。

　　1971年9月安娜堡国是讨论会在密歇根大学召开，全美高校的100余名“保钓”精英齐聚一堂，就“保钓”行动的发展方向出谋划策，议题渐渐从单纯的爱国保土集中于促进两岸统一之上，这成为“保钓”运动具有分水岭意义的一幕。

- 链接1

　　本报记者寻访的“保钓”精英(部分)

　　杨振宁诺贝尔物理学奖获得者；纽约州立大学石溪分校讲座教授，83岁，现居北京

　　何柄棣台湾中央研究院院士／芝加哥大学荣退讲座教授，88岁，现居美国

　　丘成桐哈佛大学讲座教授，数学费尔滋奖——数学界的诺贝尔奖得主，56岁，现居美国

　　田长霖(前加州伯克利分校校长，已逝)

　　蒲慕明(台湾中央研究院院士；美国加州大学教授，58岁，现居美国)

　　沈君山(台湾清华大学前校长，72岁，现居台湾)

　　吴家玮(香港科技大学创校校长，68岁，现居美国)

　　张信刚(英国皇家工程学院外籍院士，香港城市大学校长，65岁，现居香港)

　　陈治利(从商，68岁，现居美国)

　　林盛中(中国地质科学院矿床地质研究所研究员，台盟中央前主席，63岁，现居北京)

　　李椿萱(北京航空航天大学教授，中国工程院院士，66岁，现居北京)

　　苏纪兰(国家海洋局第二海洋研究所教授，中国科学院院士，70岁，现居杭州)

　　林孝信(《科学月刊》创办人；台湾社区大学促进会常务理事，)

　　刘佩琼香港理工大学教授，全国人大代表，60岁，现居香港

　　- 链接2

　　部分已逝“保钓”精英名单

　　许泰和

　　陈恒次

　　蔡诗东

　　王浩

　　章苏民

　　林碧碧

　　鲍永平

　　陈挹芳

　　廖秋忠

　　张晓春

　　孟仪正

　　任之恭

　　王国祥

　　胡家缙

　　李福祥

　　许金珠

　　袁葆生

　　陈毓祥

　　郭松芬

　　……

华裔学者的身影

　　“保钓”运动甫一开始即以“第二次五四运动”自况，甚至打出了“外抗强权，内除国贼”的口号以作比照。

　　连续两次的游行示威让美国的新闻媒体对于一向沉默的中国学生的印象为之一变，而






真正让他们开始关注到游行示威背后所蕴藏的巨大国家力量，则更多地依仗当时已近功成名就的著名华裔学者。

　　“4·10”华盛顿游行后，各地“保钓”成员合捐6万美元在 《纽约时报》上刊登了一整页的大广告，表明钓鱼台列屿应是中国的领土，是为留学生就钓鱼岛问题向美国社会的公开抗议。

　　著名数学家陈省身当时正在加州伯克利分校做教授，在留学生们的再三邀请下，挺身而出，为首签名发出了一份告美国政府公开信，阐述钓鱼岛问题的实质，呼吁归还中国。

　　丘成桐多少有些惊讶，他说，“老师素来用心学问，也不很支持学生上街游行，陷于运动热潮，常常劝我们学业为重，这才是爱国之正途。”

　　“4·10”游行结束后不久，张信刚回到布法罗的纽约州立大学，办起了钓运杂志《水牛》，现中科院院士李椿萱是积极的参与者之一。这是一份纯手抄杂志，李椿萱回忆说，“杂志宗旨为启蒙，主要是介绍新中国的现状和建设成就，阐释社会主义理论，偶尔也会刊发一些散文、诗歌等感性文字。”《水牛》每期从两三百份稳定升至五六百份，开始在当时全美数十家类似的钓运杂志中脱颖而出。编辑部开始收到一些鼓励的信笺和捐款，主编张信刚意外地从支持的来信中发现了田长霖教授和吴家玮教授的名字。

　　田长霖，前加州大学伯克利分校校长，美国首位亚裔校长，彼时正是伯克利分校热系统工程系系主任，领导着18位教授。行政研究工作之外，他不顾个人利益，站在旧金山中国城的花园一角慷慨陈辞，公开批评台湾处理“保钓”的态度。事后因之被列在了台湾当局的黑名单上，将近十年的时间不能回台湾，更是多次被排挤在“中央研究院”院士名单之外，台湾方面在提到他时，都以“××教授”称呼。

　　而前加州州立大学旧金山分校校长吴家玮教授当时已在美国西北大学任教，他对本报记者回忆说，自己当时相对冷静，没有参与上街游行，但一直在背后支持学生们办杂志、开研讨会的行动，多次捐款，甚至投稿。当时他正积极参与《科学月刊》的编辑，大量撰写科普和时势分析文章，试图启迪民智，呼吁理性，“其实也在以另一种方式参与运动。”

　　30年后，这3位因“保钓”而纸上相遇的教授，如今都以华人圈里最有名的大学的校长形象被记忆。

　　芝加哥大学教授何炳棣先生，当时年过半百，但仍激情洋溢。“我选择了以我的特长来支持学生运动，就是以演讲和著文的方式为‘保钓’运动鼓呼。”

　　“保钓”运动期间，何炳棣先生发表演讲不下四五十次，尤其在后期钓运向两岸统一运动的转变中功不可没。1972 年，他访问祖国后写就的《从历史的尺度看新中国的特色与成就》一文，被留学生广为传抄，30年后依然被诸多“保钓”学生啧啧提起。

　　何炳棣多次提及与杨振宁在“保钓”中的合作，并引用当年台湾当局口中的“杨匪、何匪”自况。作为海外华裔科学家访问新中国的第一人，杨振宁1971年甫一回美，即应“保钓”学生的邀请，穿梭在全美各高校演讲，以所见中国不屈不挠之精神示于学生，感染了一批热血青年立下报国之念。

　　本报记者多方努力终获得杨振宁当年的数千言演讲辞，这篇名为《我对中华人民共和国的印象》一文里，杨先生从他所见的上海女性穿裙子，讲到科研事业、文化传统，无往不包，最后以“为有牺牲多壮志，敢教日月换新天”来作喻新中国气象之变化。

　　著名华裔数学家丘成桐忆及往昔，认为“这场‘保钓’运动，更重大的意义在于，当时的中国是不开放的，而它打开了一扇窗户，让我们海外学子了解中国”。

　　吴仙标是目前为止海外留学生竞选美国副州长成功的第一人，也是惟一的一个人；他还是美国有史以来第一个竞选联邦参议员的华裔。

　　1971年，吴仙标发起组织的“德拉瓦州保卫钓鱼台(注：台湾地区称为钓鱼台)委员会”编印了一本关于钓鱼台的小册子，说明钓鱼台的历史和领土主权，并分发给联邦参议院外交委员会的所有成员。

　　此间，他还先后访问了4位联邦参议员、30多位联邦参议员的智囊班子主要成员，在“喝啤酒”、“喝咖啡”中，不知不觉地向这些人灌输钓鱼台属于中国领土的观念。

　　这些最著名的华裔精英无一不在关键时刻，站在关键位置上踢了“临门一脚”。

南方周末：三十五年前华人精英的保钓梦(3)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

http://www.sina.com.cn 2005年08月04日10:41 南方周末

　　周恩来总理接见“保钓”人士

　　1971年9月中旬的一个深夜，伊利诺伊大学研究生陈治利突然接到电话，“是东部李我焱打来的，说要组团回中国参观，征求有居留权、学业不致受影响的人加入”。

　　陈治利与李我焱后来均成为“海外保钓第零团”的成员。








　　原来，1970年肇始的海外“保钓”运动在近一年的风起云涌后，引起了新中国的高度关注。尤其是1971年4 月10日华盛顿大游行后，举世震惊，新中国政府公开声援海外学子的爱国义举。四天后，《人民日报》(1971年4月24 日第六版)率先对此事进行详细报道；5月1日《人民日报》发表评论员文章《中国领土主权不容侵犯》表示，广大海外侨胞正在纷纷掀起的维护民族主权的爱国正义运动，“将获得祖国人民的坚决支持”。

　　但囿于之前中美关系的冷淡及两岸的敌对态势，这场“保钓”运动的具体情况和信息一直无法畅通地传递至大陆，迫切需要搭建一道沟通的桥梁。而1971年下半年，海外“保钓”运动在最初游行示威的激情过后，也进入了反思和总结阶段，取而代之的是各地留学生竞相开展的国是讨论会，议题也渐深入至中国前途的讨论上，促使两岸统一成为许多留学生的共同选择。这一年9月的安娜堡国是大会上，“去新中国看一看”成为许多与会者热切的愿望。

　　开完这次大会几天后，当时的全美“保钓”运动委员会总召集人李我焱，获悉了中国政府拟邀请海外“保钓”学生组团访问祖国的信息。这一口讯是当时新成立的中国驻加拿大大使馆委托李我焱的同学伍经元传达的，对外名义是参加1971 年的国庆观礼活动。

　　其时美国还未完全承认新中国，但两国关系已经有所缓和，美国刚刚通过一议案，允许美国公民去中国大陆旅游，这成为访问团顺利成行的利好背景。“之所以需要永久居留权，大概是为了万一出现意外，团员依然能够回到美国。”李我焱回忆说。

　　陈治利在征得妻子同意后，又主动推荐法学院的陈恒次同学参加，陈恒次得以成为访问团里惟一的台湾本土籍留学生。 加州伯克利分校的刘大任等人也接到李我焱的电话邀请，在与朋友的一番深思熟虑后，他选择了放弃，理由是“条件尚不成熟，避免不必要的麻烦”。

　　最终成行的访问团一共五人，李我焱为团长，四位团员分别是陈治利、陈恒次、王正方和王春生。“这五人均来自台湾，基本都是‘保钓’运动各个地区的联络人。”陈治利说。

　　9月底。出发前夕，五人特意经纽约参加支持中国重返联合国的集会，并在旅途中传来中国重返联合国的消息。访问团群情激昂，“这是一次名副其实的破冰之旅。”34年后的今天，陈治利提及往事依旧难捺激动。

　　1971年的国庆前夕，由海外“保钓”运动的五位骨干成员组成的“保钓访问团”第一次踏上祖国大陆，其间一场与周总理的倾谈，从深夜至次日凌晨，整整持续了6个小时。基于当时的两岸形势，这次访问自始至终，“不上报纸，不拍照片”，成为一段被尘封的历史片段，也被参与者戏称为“保钓第零团”。

　　返美后不久，访问团团员在各地留学生的要求下，四处演讲，陈恒次和陈治利两人，更是开着一辆破旧的老爷车，在中西部、南部学校间穿梭，将他们在国内的所见所闻，义不容辞地告知大家。

　　不久之后，李我焱响应周总理的号召，经联合国考试录取到联合国秘书处工作，“人生一下子发生了重大的转折”。而受访问团演讲的影响，去往联合国工作以作报国之途的留学生共有80多人，“他们几乎都有博士硕士学位，大多是放弃自己的专业，改而从事语文工作，并不计较个人得失。”

　　“保钓第零团”的访问成功，开通了海外学子与祖国定期沟通的渠道，其后1972年、1975年，“保钓”第一团、第二团，接连循着他们的足迹，跨过大洋。张信刚参加的是1972年的第一团。当时周总理不管多忙，总是尽量亲自接见这些海外归来的学子，进一步增强了他们对于新中国的认同感。

　　不过，事实上从1971年9月安娜堡国是讨论会在密歇根大学召开开始，“保钓”人士“政治立场的分歧开始显现，有些人选择了退出，有些人更加执著”。参与此次讨论会的刘大任向本报记者回忆道。

　　至1972年5月15日，美国依旧对外宣布，遵循《美日联合公报》如期将钓鱼岛的托管权交予日本，轰烈一时的保钓运动遭遇挫折，陷入低谷。

more

For the first time, I am moved by a "corrupted" Chinese official.

On a evening of July 9th, 2004, Yu Bing, the deputy Mayor of Linxiang, Hunan Province received a note from the prosecutor of the local counter-corruption bureau for a interview.
On July 30th, Yu was formally arrested. On the October 22nd, the local prosecutor accused Yu for accepting bribe $12k and holding $13k illegal income from relatives and friends. On December 23rd, the local court made the decision: " defendant Yu Bing commits the crime for accepting bribe, and is sentenced to prison for three years with grace period five years. The court will confiscate Yu's property for about $8k plus $12k bribe and $13k illegal income.

This seems to be a extremely ordinary case in China. However it turns out this is highly atypical case.

The evidence shows that Yu have used about $20k to help poor villagers and solve many practical problems for local towns, enterprises, and schools, which otherwise could not be accessed through the formal channel.

Yu Bin's attorney argued that the court should have considered these facts and dropped the sentence towards Yu and started appeal for Yu from the last year.
However, on July 7th, 2005, the local court made the final decision to reject the appeal and maintain the original sentence.

Many local people feel very sorry for Yu because Yu was an very honest and upright person who is said has offended some local VIP. One former colleague of Yu said: Yu just don't know how to protect himself in this world.

On July 24th, Yu was interviewed by a reporter in his shabby rental apartment and disclosed his motives. As a deputy mayor, Yu only has $1.2k/year for his daily expenture including the maintaining cost of his car. Yu mentioned that the budget is so tight that he could do nothing and thought the bribe at least can be used to help people and solve some real problems. (In China, majority of government officials accept bribes. If you don't, then you won't get acceptance from your colleagues )

Feng Gang, the local educational bureau chief's assistant and a formal colleague of Yu said: "Yu commits absolutely no crime; nowadays, corrupt officicals all have private cars, houses, and secret lovers; what does Yu have?"

For the last several days, SINA.COM.CN, the biggest internet portal in China, has collected more than 50 editorials from various newspapers and set up the poll for its readers. It is interesting to see that there is a huge contrast between the position of state owned newspapers and internet surfers. As we can expect, newspaper dare not to point out the real reason of the prosecution towards Yu Bing. While Chinese internet surfers have showed their hearts for Yu Bing. Over 70% of them think the sentence is unfair and about 65% of them even don't think Yu has committed a crime because he didn't use the money for himself.

more

HOW CHINA RUNS THE WORLD ECONOMY

The Economist, UK, July 28, 2005


Global wages, profits, prices and interest rates are increasingly being influenced by events in China

“IF YOU want one year of prosperity, grow grain. If you want ten years of prosperity, grow trees. If you want 100 years of prosperity, grow people.” This old Chinese proverb crudely sums up how the entry of China's massive labour force into the global economy may prove to be the most profound change for 50, and perhaps even for 100, years.

Of couse this one is more interesting


China, along with the other emerging giants, India, Brazil and the former Soviet Union, has effectively doubled the global labour force, hugely boosting the world's potential output and hence its future prosperity. China's growth rate is not exceptional compared with previous or current emerging economies in Asia, but China is having a more dramatic effect on the world economy because of two factors: not only does it have a huge, cheap workforce, but its economy is also unusually open to trade. As a result, China's development is not just a powerful driver of global growth; its impact on other economies is also far more pervasive.

Beijing's new influence was clear from the shockwaves in global currency, bond and commodity markets last week after it announced that the yuan will no longer be pegged to the dollar. Until a couple of years ago nobody cared much that the Chinese yuan was pegged to the dollar. Recently, though, this link has become one of the hottest issues in international politics, widely blamed in America for its huge trade deficit.

Last week's 2.1% revaluation of the yuan is trivial and unlikely to dent America's trade deficit. More important is the breaking of the yuan's formal link to the dollar and the shift to a so-called “managed float” against a basket of currencies. In theory, this allows considerable scope for a further rise in the yuan against the dollar, though it is unclear by how much the Chinese authorities will allow the yuan to climb.

Even if last week's adjustment was timid, it could mark an important turning point. It is certainly a step in the right direction for China itself, as greater currency flexibility will give it more room to use monetary policy to steer the economy. More interesting are the implications for the world economy. This might be the beginning of the end of what has been dubbed a revived Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates between China (and other Asian economies) and America.

The dragon's breath

Under this arrangement, China has provided cheap finance to America's consumers and its government by buying Treasury bonds. If the switch to a currency basket causes China to reduce its new purchases of dollar assets, then American bond yields could rise. America's China bashers, who demand a further revaluation of 25% or more, should therefore be careful. Such a large-scale revaluation would surely push bond yields higher and badly hurt America's economy. Indeed, if the yuan's adjustment has any real impact on America's trade deficit, it will not be through the revaluation itself, but because higher bond yields squeeze domestic demand.

America's trade deficit is due mainly to excessive spending and inadequate saving, not to unfair Chinese competition. If China has contributed to America's deficit it is not through its undervalued exchange rate, but by holding down bond yields and so fuelling excessive household borrowing and spending. From this point of view, global monetary policy is now made in Beijing, not Washington.

Puzzle key

The popular focus on the yuan, America's trade deficit and jobs as China's main impact on the rest of the world misses the point. China's growing influence stretches much deeper than its exports of cheap goods: it is revolutionising the relative prices of labour, capital, goods and assets in a way that has never happened so quickly before. A recognition of China's profound and widespread impact on the world economy explains various current economic puzzles.

Take, for instance, the oil price. Since the beginning of last year, oil prices have doubled, yet in contrast to previous oil shocks, inflation rates remain low and global growth robust. The answer to this riddle is China. To the extent that oil prices are driven up by strong Chinese demand rather than, as in the past, an interruption of supply, they are less likely to hurt global growth. And the impact of higher oil prices on inflation has been offset by falling prices of all sorts of goods from cameras and computers to microwaves and bicycles—thanks to China. In addition, competition from China and the threat that firms in developed countries might shift offshore also helps to keep a lid on wages and hence inflation.

Another oddity is that, while the prices of most goods are falling, house prices are soaring in many countries. Again, enter the dragon. Cheaper goods from China have made it easier for central banks to achieve their inflation goals without needing to push real interest rates sharply higher. This has encouraged a borrowing binge. The resulting excess liquidity has flowed into the prices of assets, such as homes, rather than into traditional inflation. And, last but not least, there is the conundrum which has puzzled Alan Greenspan, head of America's central bank: why are American bond yields so low despite robust growth and hefty government borrowing? Part of the answer lies, once again, with China, which has bought large quantities of Treasury bonds to hold down its currency.

Over the coming years, developed countries' inflation and interest rates, wages, profits, oil and even house prices could increasingly be “made in China”. How should the world's policymakers respond to China's growing economic clout? Trying to halt China's growth through protectionist measures, as many American congressmen would like to do, would be a disaster, for it would close off a powerful source of future global prosperity.

A better way to deal with China's growing power would be to give the country a bigger stake in global economic stability. China should be a full member of international economic policy forums, such as the G7 and the OECD. Western policymakers would be wise to remember another Chinese proverb: “What you cannot avoid, welcome.”

Background: China's economy

China introduced market reforms in the early 1980s but began emerging as a driving economic force only after joining the World Trade Organisation in 2001. China now runs a trade surplus with the United States (prompting China-bashing in the latter's Senate) and has become the world's third-largest car market. Over a dozen Chinese companies are on the Fortune 500 list; some, such as Lenovo and the state-controlled China National Offshore Oil Corporation, have begun looking for foreign acquisitions.

But growth is putting pressure on China's infrastructure, especially in the booming Pearl River Delta—while other regions see high levels of unemployment. At the same time, a lack of skills has led to labour shortages. Pollution is rife, health care strains rural resources, and the stockmarkets sag. Wen Jiabao, the prime minister, hopes to address workers' concerns by cutting farmers' taxes and giving them better medical care and education. (Some 800m Chinese, or 60% of the population, live in the countryside, averaging less than $1 a day in income.)

Still, the economy's recent growth has been seemingly unstoppable, even in the face of government countermeasures. The government raised interest rates in October 2004, the first increase since 1995, and unpegged the yuan from the dollar in July 2005, after second-quarter growth was reported at 9.5%.


Copyright © 2005 The Economist Newspaper and The Economist Group

more

朝鲜小学教科书 ：伟大领袖金日成将军举起了枪

Take look at the the communist great long live leader of North Kroean and a hilarious article about his father on kid's textbook of North Korean.


Via 凯迪网络
明朗的朝阳从帘隙映入了洞口，李警卫小心翼翼地拉开了帘子。金日成将军放下了笔，吹灭了汽灯。他看着洞外，笑了笑：“又是一夜过去了。时间过的这么快，不抓紧怎么行啊！”李警卫：“将军，你不要太累了……。”金日成将军笑了笑：“出去走走吧！”　　
　　从洞里出去，就看到了山上山下。山上山下都覆盖着白雪，但白雪间，夹杂着烧焦的树木，炸弹的残骸，控诉着美帝国主义的罪恶。山下，英雄的人民军战士们，纷纷从掩体内走出，正在准备又一天的战斗。金日成将军快步向山下走去。战士们看到金日成将军，连忙上来向伟大的领袖问候。金日成将军亲切地慰问战士：“夜里冷不冷？”“不冷！”“大家有信心坚持到取得胜利吗？”“在将军的领导下，我们有万分信心！”
　　　　这时，一个通信兵来了：“报告将军，中国同志的志愿军司令彭德怀来了！”金日成将军说：“还不请中国同志过来？”
　　　　山洞内，警卫员倒上了茶水。金日成将军亲切地招呼彭德怀司令：“请喝茶。我们现在在战争年代，条件不太好，只能这样款待你了。”
　　　　彭德怀司令敬慕地看着金日成将军：“你们在这样恶劣的条件下，还能坚持和美帝国主义战斗，我们很佩服。”
　　　　金日成将军：“为了祖国的解放，我们是不惜一切代价和努力的。”
　　　　彭德怀司令：“也只有在你的领导下，才有这样强大的力量。”
　　　　金日成将军：“别这么说，还有你们的帮助嘛。打击美帝国主义，有什么困难吗？”
　　　　彭德怀司令：“困难很多，如果没有先前你们对美军的战斗，我们是没有经验的，也会更加困难。”
　　　　金日成将军：“我们的战士都有和美军作战的经验，他们可以直接帮助你们指导。”
　　　　正当两人欢声笑语时，洞外，突然响起了警报声。一个战士跑进来：“美军飞机要来了！”周围的人，马上紧张起来。金日成将军把手一挥：“来了就打击他！”
　　　　不过一会儿，飞机的呼啸声，炸弹的爆炸声，枪声，就在山岭间回荡交错了。金日成将军拿过一支38式步枪：“我们出去看看吧！”李警卫：“将军，这样太危险了！”彭德怀司令也连忙劝阻。金日成将军笑了，举了举手中的枪：“这支枪就是我从日本人手里缴来的，当时面对面的战斗，总比现在危险吧！”
　　　　金日成将军持枪来到洞口，只见数架美帝国主义的飞机，不停地来回投弹，每次飞过，都有爆炸在地上响起。英勇的人民军战士们，不停的射击着美国飞机。
　　　　金日成将军愤怒地拧起眉头，他看到又一架美国飞机准备从阵地上飞过，他举起了枪，瞄准了敌人的飞机。当敌人对准了我们的阵地，正在往下飞来时，将军开枪了。瞬间，一团巨大的火团，在空中爆发燃烧了，残骸纷纷落下。战士们欢呼起来。剩下的美国飞机惊呆了，他们再也没有勇气继续，纷纷向南方逃跑了。战士们在阵地上，向着金日成将军欢呼：
　　伟大领袖金日成万岁！
　　伟大将军金日成万岁！
　　伟大领袖毛主席万岁！
　　朝中友谊万岁！
---------------------

more

Two China

Rural China and urban China

A typical innerland elementry school classroom

A health club in the city

more

A Rave party on China's Great Wall

In this Rave party, you can get laid easily, according to a female HongKonger. Drugs are essential too.
This year, more than 1500 attended this rave party, almost 2 times more than the one of the last year. The Great Wall administration committe allowed it because of the money they earned.
Pictures from sina bbs and cat898 club

Paul from Australian said, I could't believe that I am on the Great Wall right now......... peeing!!

(Don't let police catch you though, you've got to learn lessons from Mr. Jerry Seinfield and George Constanza)

Hey, how about taking off your skirt...................from your face?

Marijuana and exposed T-back are everywhere... RED hot chick?

so many sexy gals around... bastard, you got lucky today.

Seductive drunken style young woman... trapped in the trash

Thank you......... for the high point of the day!

more

Not a typical charity in China...

In China, private charity organization is hard to find, and my impression has been that every body in China is getting more selfish... until I found this LA TIMES' link from paper tiger tail blog. This is a extremely moving story...

By Ching-Ching Ni Times Staff Writer
Wed Jul 27, 7:55 AM ET



ANDING, China — Chen Shangyi makes a living as a scavenger. He prides himself on having a good nose for unusual finds. So when he saw a crowd clustered around a white bundle at the local train station one day while he was hunting for empty soda cans and soy sauce bottles, he couldn't resist taking a peek.

ADVERTISEMENT

It was a baby, wrapped in a thin sheet.

"Everybody was just looking. Nobody would do anything," recalled Chen, who was 65, already retirement age, on that bitterly cold, snowy day 17 years ago.

"When I took her home, she was frozen stiff. My wife and I wrapped her in a burlap bag…. We started a fire. We fed her soup and put some old clothes on her. A while later, she started to wiggle." Chen named her Ling Ling.

Today, the sturdy 82-year-old with deep lines on his sun-baked face still makes a living as a scavenger in this remote Chinese town of 460,000 people on the edge of the Gobi Desert. And he is still bringing home children — 42 in all, at last count.

Many were abandoned because they had been born with some form of physical disability. Over the years, Chen has developed such a reputation as a keeper of castaway kids that even the local officials send them his way. They know Chen would not reject any youngster, no matter what imperfections the child had.

"Nobody else wants them because they are afraid of trouble," said Chen's 81-year-old wife, Zhang Lanying. "They think these children are dirty. But I pity them. They are human beings."

As the most populous nation, China is home to the largest disabled population in the world: about 60 million. Despite a 14-year-old anti-discrimination law that guarantees equal rights, society's attitude toward the disabled has been slow to change. Disabled access in public places is rare. Employment prospects are grim.

In recent years they have made up only about 5% of the general population, but mentally and physically disabled people account for about one-third of the unemployed, and their living conditions are worse than those of able Chinese.

For some Chinese parents, the prospect of watching their disabled children experience a lifetime of stigma is too terrible to bear. According to recent media reports, Beijing police took in more than 400 children abandoned in the Chinese capital alone last year, about 80% of them born with physical deformities, organ abnormalities or mental impairment.

"I'd say 99% of the children here were abandoned because they were born with severe disability," said Shi Guihua, a staff worker at a welfare center in a Beijing surburb that pays foster families to take care of about 600 children. "Many of them were left on hospital benches by parents who can't afford to treat them."

Towns such as Anding, in northwestern China's impoverished Gansu province, don't have such welfare centers, which are funded by the state and corporate donors.

Local officials say they send castaway children to Chen because they have no other way of caring for them. A new orphanage sits empty — it takes too much money to operate it.

Instead, the officials pay Chen and Zhang to do the work for them: less than $80 per month for the eight children the couple now care for.

That meager sum, plus the little cash Chen earns picking trash and all the love the couple can muster, has been enough to save a number of children from certain death.

Chen, who has only a first-grade education, worked as a laborer for years. After the economic reforms of the late 1970s, he started peddling tea drinks at the train station and collected garbage on the side.

After becoming a full-time parent, he gave up the tea business.

His first wife left him long before that, taking their two children, who are now in their 60s. He married Zhang more than 50 years ago. They have no children of their own. But they say they have cherished every one of the youngsters who have come into their three-room brick shack across the street from the train station.

Their oldest now is 12-year-old Yuan Yuan. She was born with a lump on her skull the size of a peach. Someone had left her in the yard of the municipal building. No one wanted anything do with this scary-looking child, probably then a year old.

Chen took her home.

Chen and Zhang finally saved enough money to pay for an operation three years ago to remove the growth and allow Yuan Yuan to live a more normal life. It cost about $80. Like the other children, she calls Chen and Zhang Grandpa and Grandma, or yeye and nainai.

"We love our grandparents. They work so hard for us," said Yuan Yuan, who during a lunch break from school helps out washing the dishes, pouring hot water into thermoses and bringing chairs for yeye and nainai. "I don't miss my parents," Yuan Yuan said. "They are so cruel. They left us because they knew we were sick."

Their youngest child is 2-year-old Ling Ling, named after the baby Chen found at the railway station. The baby never recovered fully from being left in the snow and suffered from frequent coughs and seizures. She never crawled or walked, and died when she was 4.

Chen found Ling Ling's namesake crying in an alley. Born with a hunchback and uneven legs, she was just days old. Now the round-faced girl with big, pretty eyes loves to cling to yeye and nainai and keep them company while most of the older children are in school.

"If you throw a puppy out on the street, someone might pick it up, but throw a baby out on the street and no one bothers," Zhang said as she cuddled Ling Ling close to her chest.

The sickest child in the household is 9-year-old Long Long, paralyzed and suffering from liver disease. Chen found him one day when he went to fetch water for the household. Long Long, then a baby, was in a paper box under a blazing sun, crying.

"I came home and told my wife. She said, 'We already have too many children; we can't take on any more,' " Chen recalled. "I sat on my stool and just couldn't get over it. So I went and brought him home."

While Long Long requires a walker to get around and needs help for virtually everything, Jin Jin, 4, can't sit still.

Chen found the boy sleeping on a hospital lawn. He was 3 or 4 months old and naked. Nothing appeared to be wrong with him. The older Jin Jin got, however, the more his problems became apparent. The mentally impaired child needs help eating and going to the bathroom, and he often leaps from his seat without warning and dashes into the street.

The other children are used to taking care of him. When he darts out, they drop their own food to go after him. Then they help hold him down on a wooden stool so Zhang can continue feeding him.

Another child in the couple's home, Quan Quan, was born with a harelip. Chen found him when he was about a year old at the farmers market, crawling in the dirt, eating rotten vegetables.

"Everybody knew he had been abandoned for days and was starving," Chen said.

"He couldn't walk yet, and his neck was this thin," Zhang said, shaping her thumb and forefinger into a ring.

Today, 6-year-old Quan Quan performs well in school and loves to help his brothers. When not keeping an eye on Jin Jin, he plays with a kitten and 10-year-old Qiang Qiang, an undersized boy with a bad heart.

Of the 42 children Chen and Zhang have taken in over the years, 21 turned out to be healthy or suffered from very mild disabilities and were adopted. Thirteen very sick children died.

The loss of Ling Ling, their first child, still hurts the most.

"She was very pretty," Chen said, pointing to a wall of collage photos showing all his "grandchildren." One photo shows Ling Ling, with pigtails, dark eyes and a happy smile, sitting on the bed next to yeye and nainai.

"We buried her in a ditch by the river," Chen said. "We couldn't afford cremation. Of course we were sad. She was our first child."

Even when the children are doing well, it's not easy to support such a large family on the income of a scavenger.

Baby formula is expensive. So Chen and Zhang mix it with flour. Food is expensive. So they often serve only plain rice. In recent years, they've met kind people who have donated money for some daily necessities and medical procedures, but the family still lives frugally.

Now Chen worries that local officials may take his children away on the grounds that he is too old to be their caretaker. He believes a recent flurry of media reports about the children that suggested official negligence have embarrassed the officials.

Wang Yanfu, deputy head of the district civil administration bureau, said officials are prepared to rent a house and hire two workers to feed and care for Chen's children.

"We sent him the kids before because he was young, in his 60s. Now he is too old," Wang said by phone. "We are trying our best to convince him [to quit]. But if he doesn't want to, there's nothing we can do. It has to be voluntary."

Chen says he can't trust the government to do what's best for the children. He said local officials continued to offer him abandoned children until only a few years ago.

"I don't understand policy," he said. "All I know is that when they were little, no one would come and help them. They say I am too old. I say I will raise them as long as I can.

"They'll have to kill me first before I'll let them take the kids away."

more

中国游客在国外旅游三大陋习易招歧视(图)

http://www.sina.com.cn 2005年08月02日17:16 新民晚报

　　去年全国出境总人数达到2885万人次，正是这些人代表着中国人在外国人心目中的形象。因此，对中国游客进行侮辱甚至抢劫的行为固然应该受到谴责，但发生这些行为也和我们自身的一些不良行为习惯有关，需要引起我们自己的反思。

　　连日来，“中国游客在马来西亚受辱”、“中国游客在马来西亚被抢”、“外交部提醒瑞士境内发生多起针对中国游客的抢劫”等消息陆续传来，似乎出国旅游的中国游客一下子就进入了多事之秋。对此广州多位出国游资深领队表示，相对于中国刚刚开放出国旅游的1999年，针对中国游客的歧视实际上正在逐步减少。但中国游客在公共场合的“高声喧哗”使一些高端酒店把中国团队列入不受欢迎的游客，而“露富”心态又使中国游客频频被盗贼“盯住”。

　　高调“露富”易招偷抢

　　中国游客在国外旅游时的人身、财产安全等问题日益突出。其中一个原因是中国人每次出游带的现金过多，欧洲团的一些游客身上带的现金都基本过万，本来这就是受外国小偷关注的群体，此外，还有一些游客不够低调，爱“露富”，这样就更容易招来偷抢。

　　据一位资深的欧洲导游介绍，目前还有一些高明的骗子。比如，有一游客在布鲁塞尔街上遇到2名自称是“警察”的人要检查他的护照。游客就把护照拿出来给他们看。这2个人接着说比利时警方目前正在进行“打击假币行动”，要他把随身携带的钞票拿出来验证，他想都没想就把身上的5000美元现钞拿了出来，递给“警察”查验，没想到“警察”抓起钞票就跑。

　　“歧视”行为不鲜见

　　中国游客认为的“歧视”行为，在出国旅游过程中并不鲜见。

　　泰国布吉的一家高级度假酒店“明言”：不接待中国旅行团。酒店的工作人员说：“以前接过一些中国团队，但这些团队在入住时经常出现吸烟把房间的地毯烧出洞来，在餐厅或电梯等场合大声喧哗的情况，引来其他客人投诉。酒店因此造成了很多损失，后来就不接了。”

　　被安排“单独用餐”

　　王先生也对他的首次美国之行印象深刻。他和朋友2个人不久前到美国旅游，在酒店吃早餐时，被“单独安排”与酒店正常使用的自助餐厅隔开，不让他们和“老外”使用同一场地。他们觉得受到了歧视。据了解，目前相当多的欧洲酒店专门在会议室等场所专门辟出区域来供中国团队用餐。

　　而相当多的中国游客认为自己在过海关的时候，不断被问话，海关人员对他的旅游目的持怀疑态度，是一种“歧视”。广东中旅营运副总监郑文丽认为：“不少所谓的‘歧视’是误会。造成误会的主要原因是文化差异，但中国人本身的一些不良习惯也是重要因素。”

　　陋习一 公共场合嗓门大

　　公共场合大声喧哗已经成为中国游客的一大“标志”，郑文丽回忆起自己带欧洲团的经历常常摇头，几乎在每一个环节都有不同的“惨痛”回忆。“有一次带一个团，一群人在飞机上打扑克，影响到整架飞机，有些华人实在忍不下去了就上前制止，但制止了多次都不收敛。”

　　“过海关是进入一国领土的第一关，中国游客喜欢在过关时开始议论，相互拍照什么的。关口是一个国家主权的重要场所，面对这种情况一些海关和边检的工作人员自然对你印象很差。比如说，一次带一个旅游团出国，当时整个团办的是旅游签证，团内有很多是生意人。边检询问，你们来做什么？游客就比较张扬地说，我们来寻找商机，要同你们做生意。边检就说，既然是做生意，为什么不办商务签证？于是就拉到小房间里问上个1小时。”

　　陋习二 不守秩序不排队

　　不遵守秩序和规则是中国游客的另一大缺点。广东中旅出境旅游公司总经理俞康明很有感触地介绍，带团去法国的迪斯尼，栏杆设计成回字形，但一些中国游客不排队，拉开栏杆就往里钻。一些其他国家的游客很愤怒，问“是哪个国家的？”“我们做领队的都不敢说自己是哪个国家的，太丢脸了。”

　　“还有去麦当劳买饮料，老外的文化是很讲个人隐私的，不愿意挨得很近，前后都隔着1米左右的距离，就像国内在银行或安检时——样。但中国游客一看到前面空那么多，就一下子涌了上去围住整个柜台。”

　　一位欧洲游领队也表示，在等电梯的时候，游客刚进酒店办完入住，就大箱小箱地包围了电梯口，电梯一到就一拥而上，这样里面的人出不来，外面已经在排队的人也进不去。

　　陋习三 卫生习惯被诟病

　　此外，中国游客的卫生习惯和一些生活差异也一直被诟病。

　　在一些欧洲国家，比较少见到中文指引，但厕所里却一般都有明确的中文指引“排队”、“冲水”、“洗手”等。厕所中的排队之法也有奥妙，中国人往往按一个人对着一个门的方式排，但欧洲人一般全部排在外围，出来一个进去一个，比较文明和公平。

　　有一幕也是在国外餐厅中经常发生的。一位资深导游说，美国酒店的早餐餐厅一般都比较小，吃自助餐有切片面包什么的可以自己拿。由于餐台比较小，侍应生就只拿出一条长面包放在那里，吃完一条再拿一条出来。有一次，一些中国游客以为只有一条面包，就拥上去哄抢那些切好的面包，结果面包掉了一地，气得那个侍应生一下子到厨房拿了2条面包出来，意思是告诉你，我们有很多面包。“这样影响很不好，所以也不能怪一些酒店要专门开辟地方让中国人单独用餐。”邱敏(本报广州专稿)

more

女老師2億 樂捐清寒生

2005.08.01　 中時晚報
不只5千萬 女老師2億 樂捐清寒生
施竣耀／台北報導




　日前中部一位未婚女老師中得大樂透頭獎彩金，已確定透過台北富邦銀行將所有中獎彩金全數捐出，目前正接洽5個受贈文教機構，而女老師這筆頭獎彩金捐款金額並非外傳的5000萬，而是2億元！


　北富銀彩券部主管上午證實，這位女老師已經將全數中獎彩金在扣除稅金後，開出本票交給北富銀，正由北富銀與她指定的中部地區學校及全國性文教機構等5單位聯繫捐款事宜，以5個以上化名捐款，幫助國內清寒學生。

　北富銀指出，這位未婚年輕女老師是在7月中旬領獎，距離領獎最後截止期限還有一段時間，她是利用學生放暑假期間才前往彩券部領獎，且領獎時當場就表明要全數捐出。

　由於大樂透領獎期限是3個月，由7月領獎時間往前推3個月，大樂透今年4月以後頭獎彩金都超過1億元，且這段期間在中部縣市開出的頭獎，只有台中縣在第34期、41期開出，有3位頭獎得主，彩金分別是2.56億元及2.84億元，扣除稅金後，都可實領2億元以上。

　雖然北富銀不願證實這位先前傳出中獎5千萬的女老師到底中得多少彩金，但是，以中獎時間及中獎地點推算，女老師應該中2億元以上，且由於北富銀證實她捐出全數彩金，也就是說，她捐款金額很可能高達2億元。

　最令人感動的是，這位年輕未婚女老師的家境並不富裕，家裡是公教家庭，她之所以將頭獎中獎彩金全數捐出，主要是因為有「非常虔誠的宗教信仰」及對清寒學生的憐憫之心。女老師在學校教書期間，看見許多清寒家庭學生，連營養午餐費都付不出來，所以，與家人充分溝通後，決定將頭獎中獎彩金全數捐出，幫助國內的清寒學生。

　北富銀主管指出，這位女老師中獎當期只花1百元，買2張大樂透彩券，都是電腦選號，其中1張中當期頭獎，女老師平時就常買50元、100元彩券，就是為了「看是否有機會中大獎，把彩金拿來作善事」，而她也終於皇天不負苦心人。

more

台大教授 首度證實 「氣道」真的存在人體

2005.08.01　 中國時報

陳洛薇/台北報導


台大工程科學與海洋工程學系主任許文翰，利用先進科學計算及顯像技術，建立氣血交換模型，首度證實氣道存在人體。穴道附近微血管密集交錯形成的氣道是人體氣血交換處，針炙穴道將使氣道的氣流動量爆增三倍，從每分鐘四．一二公分增加到十二．一八公分，使氣血循環加速。

此一科學視算成果證實血為氣之母、氣滯血淤及氣行血行等中醫生理現象確實存在，許文翰已投稿國際期刊The American Journal ofChinese Medicine（美國的中國醫學期刊），正進行審查中。


許文翰認為，穴道是人體微血管、神經、淋巴管最密集之處，一組肌細胞形成的空隙加上微血管、神經、淋巴管便組合成一個「經絡小體」；一個穴位點是由數十萬個經絡小體組成，「氣」與「血」在穴位點附近經由經絡小體產生交互作用。

氣是細胞間隙的帶電組織液

許文翰指出，中醫裡很神奇的「氣」，其實就是細胞間隙的帶電組織液，在經絡小體中，血液經由微血管動脈端送至組織間（氣的通道）以便營養細胞，一部分循著氣的通道往下一個穴道流動，一部分經由微血管靜脈端及淋巴管送回心臟。

為證實氣的流動，許文翰率領研究團隊進行先進科學視算，將人體動脈端的血壓減小，其餘的條件維持不變，以模擬「血虛」現象。結果得知組織液流動速度減慢為原先的○．六九倍，證實動脈血壓降低時，血旺氣亦旺也降低，即「血虛氣亦虛」；反之，若動脈血壓增高，組織液流動增快為原先的一．三二倍。

許文翰說明，血旺時，由微血管壁滲透至組織的血液量增大，組織液就像氣一般被加速推動；氣旺時，組織液亦可藉微血管壁補進血液系統而推動血液流動。亦即「血旺氣亦旺」，血與氣相依而行。

根據中醫理論，氣滯是指氣的運行發生停滯，以致血流動亦發生停滯。研究團隊據此增加組織液靜壓，流速果然減為原先的○．七五倍；降低組織液靜壓，組織液流速則增快為一．二五倍。研究證實，增高組織液靜壓（氣滯），會導致組織液流速減緩，微血管中血液流速也變小（血淤），這正是「氣滯血淤」的現象。

組織液有方向 血旺氣亦旺

「氣的流動有一定的方向性！」許文翰指出，大陸學者孟競壁將顯影劑注射入穴道，發現組織液（氣）會循古書所說的經絡線流動。台大研究團隊除了證實氣的方向性，更發現針灸的毫針扎進肉體肌束，將使滲透係數增加、微血管靜壓增高，組織液經過肌肉中的氣室流動而形成氣，肌束旁的幹細胞會受刺激而再生。

博士生黃金龍指出，實驗模擬針灸的生理反應，將氣血模式中的生理係數同步改變，當毫針刺進穴位點時，組織受傷引發生理反應，使微血管的靜壓升高、微血管擴張、血管滲透係數增大，血漿由血管滲透至組織間隙的量增加，將使組織液的流動速度大幅地增加三倍。

結論顯示，實驗與科學計算所求得的「氣」運行速度是相符的，當改變動脈端的血壓時，可使組織液在經絡線上的速度發生顯著的變化。許文翰說，台大研究團隊首次以科學計算及生理理論證實了中醫「氣動依血，血氣相依而行」理論，印證中國老祖先的智慧。

友善列印

more

飛彈危機十年 台海 世界火藥庫

張慧英
十年前的此時，台灣正處於極度震驚與震撼中，解放軍自七月廿一日到廿八日對彭佳嶼附近公海進行飛彈試射，打破了台海數十年來的平靜。從此，台、美、中、亞太甚至全球，都被捲入一個新的時代。
「奇怪，都已經打過招呼了，怎麼還發那麼大的脾氣？」聽到消息後，李登輝總統曾經納悶地說。他不解的是，透過李、江秘密溝通管道，這邊早就跟中共總書記江澤民打了招呼，也說明演講內容不會涉及政治或鼓吹台獨。對方雖然不贊成，但仍繼續安排第二次辜汪會談。按說要反彈應該馬上就有動作，誰想到平靜一個月後，竟突然放起飛彈來。
李登輝演講 刺激中共
到底是怎麼回事？美國亞太助卿羅德怪李登輝在康乃爾講了十七次「中華民國」。前國安會副秘書長林碧炤則指羅德根本不該向中共承諾不會讓李登輝赴美，害得中共面子下不來。但消息人士透露，李登輝那篇演講，每個「中華民國」原稿都是「台灣」，後來才改的。但既然中共「一中一台」、「兩個中國」都反對，很難說那個用語殺傷力較大。
李登輝方面的情報指向中共內鬥，之前被江澤民收走「小金庫」的軍系藉機給江難看，並且擴張對台灣政策的影響力。另一種說法是中共原先擔心美國暗地支持台獨，因此採取前所未有的動作宣示反獨決心。鎮不住的江澤民索性配合軍方，直到次年三月美國派出航母，中共軍方一看勢頭不對只好收場，江才又抓回了決策主導權。美中兩國並且開始「聯手管理」台灣問題，民國八十八年兩國論提出後台海一觸即發時，已經是江澤民拍的板了。
無論原因如何，十年前台海危機，帶來多項影響。
第一，經此震撼後，所有人的思維都被迫改變，必須把中共動武列入評估局勢及決策時的重要變數，台海成為世界新的火藥庫，維持台海安定的優先順位被提到前面。
美調整政策 向中傾斜
第二，中共為自己創造了新的外交籌碼。時任外交部長的前監察院長錢復指出，那次給我們最大的警惕是，中共的飛彈已經幾乎可以瞄那裡就打那裡，我們必須加緊架構反飛彈防禦能力。而柯林頓總統採取了些與中共「配合」的作法，乃至有向中共傾斜的「新三不」，成為日後美國對台政策基調。
第三，美國積極採行「預防性外交」，以避免台海局勢失控，美國也提高日本在亞太的軍事責任。
第四，兩岸關係急凍，兩會協商中斷，始終未能恢復正常，官方接觸陷入停擺，民間交流只能自求多福。李登輝在九月提出「戒急用忍」，拋棄之前亞太營運中心計畫，台灣自此在政策上主動放棄參與中國的經濟成長。
第五，台海危機之前兩岸交流熱絡，但十年前那波飛彈，瞬間打壞了台灣人民對中國的情感與信任，民間的統獨傾向此消彼長。
第六，台美開啟高層對話機制。為避免再有「意外」，美國在一九九六年三月要求與台灣進行政策溝通，李登輝派遣當時的國安會秘書長丁懋時出馬，自此制度化成兩國官方最高層次定期直接對話。
第七，經此教訓，中共醒悟對美工作不能只靠和行政部門打交道，開始倣效台灣的作法，全方位加強對美國國會的遊說工作，以及政治採購，對台灣開始形成反制壓力。
當時擔任陸委會副主委的蘇起總結台海危機帶來的最大、最深遠變化，一是台海軍事化，中共從九五年起軍費一改連年減少之勢，轉而以兩位數成長率飛飆，而台灣平均所得卻從九五年至今沒增加過。二是台灣內部對大陸產生疏離，台灣認同增加、中國認同降低，內部政治產生變化，導致民進黨的崛起執政。
對中疏離 民進黨崛起
回顧台海危機十年，台灣得到什麼教訓？前總統府高層官員強調，美方曾經在台美高層對話時表示，「你們不知道你們有多重要」，因為中共和美國對話時幾乎七成都在談台灣問題，所以美方希望台灣對自己的任何行動都要注意，而且不該常給美國「意外」。由此我們也須記取教訓，對國際形勢研判必須審慎，不要作沒有理由的挑釁。

more